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Cebu CityOfficially known as the City of Cebu / Sugbo Tagalog: Lungsod ng Cebu), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Central Visayas region of the Philippines and the capital of the Cebu Province. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 964,169 people, making it the sixth-most populated city in the nation and the most populous in the Visayas.
It is the regional center and primate city of Central
Visayas and the seat of government of the province of Cebu but governed
independently. The city and its metropolitan area exert influence on commerce,
trade, industry, education, culture, tourism & healthcare beyond the
region, over the entire Visayas, and partly over Mindanao. It is the
Philippines' main domestic shipping port and is home to about 80% of the
country's domestic shipping companies.
Cebu is bounded on the north by the town of Balamban and the
city of Danao, on the west by the city of Toledo, on the east by the cities of
Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue, and the towns of Liloan, Consolacion, and Compostela and
on the south by the city of Talisay. Located at the center of the eastern
seaboard of Cebu Island, it is the core city of Metro Cebu, the second-largest
metropolitan area in the Philippines by population & economy, which
includes the cities of Carcar, Danao, Lapu-Lapu, Mandaue, Naga, and Talisay and
the municipalities (towns) of Compostela, Consolacion, Cordova, Liloan,
Minglanilla, and San Fernando. Metro Cebu had a total population of 2,849,213
as of 2015, making it the second-most populous metropolitan area of the nation,
after Metro Manila in Luzon.
The current political boundaries of the city are incorporated
of the former municipalities of Cebu, San Nicolas, El Pardo, Mabolo, Talamban,
and Banilad in the Commonwealth period.
In the Precolonial period, the area of what is today Cebu
was occupied by the Rajahnate of Cebu which was known to the Ming dynasty as
the nation of Sokbu. The capital of which was Singhapala which is
Tamil-Sanskrit for "Lion City", the same root words as the modern
city-state of Singapore.
Cebu is considered the Philippines' oldest city, being the
first Spanish settlement and the first capital of the Philippines. It was
granted city status on April 27, 1594, through a Real provisión by Philip II of
Spain, preceding all other Philippine cities except Manila, and is thus the
second oldest city status in the country. In 1889, the Real decreto sobre reorganización
y régimen de Ayuntamientos de Filipinas (commonly known as the Becerra Law)
granted the formation of municipalities (ayuntamientos) in the islands,
enabling Cebu to establish its own in 1890. 343 years later, it was granted a
new charter with an expanded territory by the National Assembly of the
Philippines.
Owing to its economic importance and influence in modern
times, Cebu City is popularly called the Queen City of the South a sobriquet
adopted from Iloilo City after its economic decline in the mid-1900s.
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“ The city is considered the birthplace of Christianity in
the Far East “
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu is currently the
largest archdiocese in the Philippines and in Asia.
Before the arrival of the Spaniards, Cebu city was part of the island-rajahnate and trade center of Pulau Kang Dayang or Kangdaya literally the islands which belong to Baya, now better known as the Rajahnate of Cebu. It was founded by a prince of the Hindu Chola dynasty of Sumatra, the half-Malay and half-Tamil, Sri Lumay. The name Sugbo shortened form of Kang Sri Lumaying Sugbo, literally "that of Sri Lumay's great fire refers to Sri Lumay's scorched earth tactics against Muslim Pirates or Moro raiders Magalos.
Spanish Period
On April 7, 1521, a Portuguese explorer at the service of the Spanish Crown and leader of the first expedition to circumnavigate the world, Ferdinand Magellan, landed in Cebu. He was welcomed by Rajah Humabon (also known as Sri Humabon or Rajah Humabara), the grandson of Sri Lumay, together with his wife and about 700 native islanders. Magellan, however, was killed in the Battle of Mactan, and the remaining members of his expedition left Cebu soon after several of them were poisoned by Humabon, who was fearful of foreign occupation. The last ruler of Sugbo, prior to Spanish colonization, was Rajah Humabon's nephew, Rajah Tupas.
On February 13, 1565, Spanish conquistadors led by Miguel
López de Legazpi together with Augustinian friars whose prior was Andrés de
Urdaneta, arrived in Samar, taking possession of the island thereafter. They
Christianized some natives and Spanish remnants in Cebu. Afterward, the
expedition visited Leyte, Cabalian, Mazaua, Camiguin, and Bohol where the
famous Sandugo or blood compact was performed between López de Legazpi and Datu
Sikatuna, the chieftain of Bohol on March 16, 1565. The Spanish arrived in Cebu
on April 15, 1565. They then attempted to parley with the local ruler, Rajah
Tupas but found that he and the local population had abandoned the town. Rajah
Tupas presented himself at their camp on May 8, the feast of the Apparition of
Saint Michael the Archangel, when the island was taken possession of on behalf
of the Spanish King. The Treaty of Cebu was formalized on July 3, 1565. López
de Legazpi's party named the new city "Villa de San Miguel de Cebú later
renamed "Ciudad del SantÃsimo Nombre de Jesús." In 1567 the Cebu
garrison was reinforced with the arrival of 2,100 soldiers from New Spain, Mexico
The growing colony was then fortified by Fort San Pedro.
By 1569, the Spanish settlement in Cebu had become important
as a safe port for ships from Mexico and as a jumping-off point for further
exploration of the archipelago. Small expeditions led by Juan de Salcedo went
to Mindoro and Luzon, where he and MartÃn de Goiti played a leading role in the
subjugation of the Kingdoms of Tundun and Seludong in 1570. One year later,
López de Legazpi departed Cebu to discuss a peace pact with the defeated
Rajahs. An agreement between the conquistadors and the Rajahs to form a city
council paved the way for the establishment of a new settlement and the
construction of the Christian walled city of Intramuros on the razed remains of
Islamic Manila, then a vassal state of the Sultanate of Brunei.
In 1571, the Spanish carried over infantry from Mexico, to
raise an army of Christian Visayan warriors from Cebu and Iloilo as well as
mercenaries from the Tagalog region, and assaulted the Sultanate of Brunei in
what is known as the Castilian War. The war also started the Spanish Moro Wars
waged between the Christian Visayans and Muslim Mindanao, wherein Moros burned
towns and conducted slave raids in the Visayas islands, and sold the slaves to
the Sultanates of the Malay Archipelago and the Visayans fought back by
establishing Christian fort-cities in Mindanao, cities such as Zamboanga City.
On August 14, 1595, Pope Clement VIII created the diocese of Cebu as a suffragan to the Archdiocese of Manila.
On April 3, 1898, local revolutionaries led by Negrense Leon Kilat rose up against the Spanish colonial authorities and took control of the urban center after three days of fighting. The uprising was only ended by the treacherous murder of Leon Kilat and the arrival of soldiers from Iloilo. On December 26, 1898, the Spanish Governor, General Montero, evacuated his troops to Zamboanga, turning over government property to Pablo Mejia. The next day, a provincial government was formed under Luis Flores as president, General Juan Climaco as military chief of staff, and Julio Llorente as mayor.
American occupation and World War II / Aerial view of Cebu,
1936
Malacañang sa Sugbo, the presidential residence in the
Visayas
The signing of the Treaty of Paris at the end of the Spanish - American War provided for the cession of Cebu along with the rest of the Philippine Islands to the United States until the formation of the Commonwealth Era (1935 - 46). On February 21, 1899, the USS Petrel (PG-2) deployed a landing party of 40 marines on the shores of Cebu.[26] Cebu's transfer to the American government was signed by Luis Flores although others, most notably General Arcadio Maxilom and Juan Climaco, offered resistance until 1901. Governor W. H. Taft visited Cebu on April 17, 1901, and appointed Julio Llorente as the first provincial governor. Juan Climaco was elected to that office in January 1904
Japanese Occupation
Along with the rest of the country, Cebu came under Japanese
occupation during World War II. The Japanese encountered opposition from
guerrillas and irregular forces led by Col. James Cushing and the Cebu Area
Command. It was finally liberated with the Battle for Cebu City in March and
April 1945. The military general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth
Army and 8th Constabulary Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary, active from
January 3, 1942, to June 30, 1946, was stationed in Cebu City during World War
II.
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